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U.S. Military Personnel 1954-2014

by David Coleman

Here are how the numbers of active duty military personnel have fluctuated over the past 60 years.1

The numbers for all services spiked in 1968-69 as U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War reached its peak. All dropped dramatically as that war drew down. But even the peak of the Vietnam War pales in comparison to World War II. In 1945, there were over 12 million active duty military personnel.

The Army, Navy, and Air Force had significant cuts in the numbers of personnel with the end of the Cold War, while the Marine Corps numbers have stayed relatively flat.

Total Active Duty Military Personnel

Army

The Army has the most personnel of any of the U.S. armed services. Like the Marine Corps, its core strength lies in the prospect of boots on the ground. Technology can certainly help boots on the ground be more effective, but numbers matter.

And a large number of front-line troops means an even larger number of support personnel.

In the mid-1950s, the Army was demobilizing from the Korean War. It ramped up again sharply for the escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam in the second half of the 1960s, before a rapid dropoff by the early 1970s as the the United States withdrew from Vietnam.

From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, with the end of the Cold War, there was another significant reduction of nearly 40 percent. Since then, aside from a relatively small percentage bump for the so-called surge in Iraq around 2007, the number have hovered at around 500,000.

Navy

The numbers of Navy personnel have mostly declined over the past 60 years, although the reductions have been neither as sustained nor as deep as those of the Air Force.

Like the Air Force–although perhaps to a somewhat lesser revolutionary extent–the Navy has benefited from technological developments over the past 60 years. The Navy’s capabilities have also evolved over that time to encompass air power and even ground power.

That broad spectrum of options is paired with a high degree of mobility. The Navy is no longer confined to patrolling the high seas. And sending a carrier to a troublespot projects immense power relatively quickly without the time and bureaucracy involved in negotiating base agreements or flight corridors.

Marine Corps

Like the Army, the Marine Corps’ defining feature is its ability to deploy boots on the ground in troublespots.

With its emphasis on mobility and agility, the Marine Corps has benefited from policymakers’ increasing preference for those qualities.

More than any of the other services, the Marine Corps has been able to maintain relatively stable personnel numbers (aside from a spike during the Vietnam War).

Air Force

Since the Air Force’s heyday in the 1950s, with the buildup for the nuclear age and the emphasis on strategic deterrence aimed at the Cold War enemy, the Soviet Union, the number of Air Force personnel has declined steadily since. More than any of the other services, its trend in personnel numbers is one of decline. The manpower force levels today are just over one third of what they were in the 1950s.

While some of the explanation for that comes down to shifting emphasis and the endless competition for Defense resources and funding, much of it comes down to the massive shifts in technology over the past 60 years that have revolutionized Air Force power. Missiles, computers, more effective airplanes and weapons, satellites, and even drones have all meant that over the past 60 years Air Force effectiveness has relied less and less on sheer numbers of personnel.

U.S. Military Personnel 1954-2014: The Numbers

Year Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Total
1954 1,404,598 725,720 223,868 947,918 3,302,104
1955 1,109,296 660,695 205,170 959,946 2,935,107
1956 1,025,778 669,925 200,780 909,958 2,806,441
1957 997,994 677,108 200,861 919,835 2,795,798
1958 898,925 641,005 189,495 871,156 2,600,581
1959 861,964 626,340 175,571 840,435 2,504,310
1960 873,078 617,984 170,621 814,752 2,476,435
1961 858,622 627,089 176,909 821,151 2,483,771
1962 1,066,404 666,428 190,962 884,025 2,807,819
1963 975,916 664,647 189,683 869,431 2,699,677
1964 973,238 667,596 189,777 856,798 2,687,409
1965 969,066 671,448 190,213 824,662 2,655,389
1966 1,199,784 745,205 261,716 887,353 3,094,058
1967 1,442,498 751,619 285,269 897,494 3,376,880
1968 1,570,343 765,457 307,252 904,850 3,547,902
1969 1,512,169 775,869 309,771 862,353 3,460,162
1970 1,322,548 692,660 259,737 791,349 3,066,294
1971 1,123,810 623,248 212,369 755,300 2,714,727
1972 810,960 588,043 198,238 725,838 2,323,079
1973 800,973 564,534 196,098 691,182 2,252,787
1974 783,330 545,903 188,802 643,970 2,162,005
1975 784,333 535,085 195,951 612,751 2,128,120
1976 779,417 524,678 192,399 585,416 2,081,910
1977 782,246 529,895 191,707 570,695 2,074,543
1978 771,624 530,253 190,815 569,712 2,062,404
1979 758,852 523,937 185,250 559,455 2,027,494
1980 777,036 527,153 188,469 557,969 2,050,627
1981 781,419 540,219 190,620 570,302 2,082,560
1982 780,391 552,996 192,380 582,845 2,108,612
1983 779,643 557,573 194,089 592,044 2,123,349
1984 780,180 564,638 196,214 597,125 2,138,157
1985 780,787 570,705 198,025 601,515 2,151,032
1986 780,980 581,119 198,814 608,199 2,169,112
1987 780,815 586,842 199,525 607,035 2,174,217
1988 771,847 592,570 197,350 576,446 2,138,213
1989 769,741 592,652 196,956 570,880 2,130,229
1990 732,403 579,417 196,652 535,233 2,043,705
1991 710,821 570,262 194,040 510,432 1,985,555
1992 610,450 541,883 184,529 470,315 1,807,177
1993 572,423 509,950 178,379 444,351 1,704,103
1994 541,343 468,662 174,158 426,327 1,610,490
1995 508,559 434,617 174,639 400,409 1,518,224
1996 491,103 416,735 174,883 389,001 1,471,722
1997 491,707 395,564 173,906 377,385 1,438,562
1998 483,880 382,338 173,142 367,470 1,406,830
1999 479,426 373,046 172,641 360,590 1,385,703
2000 482,170 373,193 173,321 355,654 1,384,338
2001 480,801 377,810 172,934 353,571 1,385,116
2002 486,542 383,108 173,733 368,251 1,411,634
2003 499,301 382,235 177,779 375,062 1,434,377
2004 499,543 373,197 177,480 376,616 1,426,836
2005 492,728 362,941 180,029 353,696 1,389,394
2006 505,402 350,197 180,416 348,953 1,384,968
2007 522,017 337,547 186,492 333,495 1,379,551
2008 543,645 332,228 198,505 327,379 1,401,757
2009 553,044 329,304 202,786 333,408 1,418,542
2010 566,045 328,303 202,441 334,196 1,430,985
2011 565,463 325,123 201,157 333,370 1,425,113
2012 550,064 318,406 198,193 332,959 1,399,622
2013 528,070 319,838 195,848 326,573 1,370,329
2014 515,888 319,120 192,787 326,259 1,354,054

  1. Data sourced from the Defense Manpower Data Center, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense. Figures through 1976 are for the count at June 30 of that year. Figures for 1977 through 2013 are for September 30 of that year. Figures for 2014 are through March 31. ↩

Filed Under: Miscellaneous Tagged With: Cold War, military, Vietnam War

About David Coleman

Historian. Author of The Fourteenth Day: JFK and the Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis and editor of The Presidential Recordings: John F. Kennedy vols. 4-6. Currently on sabbatical.

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